Author: R&D Team, CUIGUAI Flavoring

Published by: Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd.

Last Updated:  Jul 08, 2026

WhatsApp & Telegram: +86 189 2926 7983

Vitamin Fortified Water

Introduction: The Hidden Complexity of Vitamin Water Flavor

From a consumer’s perspective, vitamin-fortified water appears simple: clear, fresh-tasting water enriched with beneficial nutrients. From a food scientist’s perspective, it is one of the most technically demanding formulation challenges in the entire beverage industry. The global electrolyte and vitamin water market was valued at USD 9.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 15.3 billion by 2032 at a CAGR of 6.6%, according to Credence Research (2024). Simultaneously, the fortified water segment alone was valued at USD 7.6 billion in 2025 and is expected to reach USD 11.2 billion by 2030, reflecting a structural shift in consumer preference toward health-positioned hydration products.

The challenge that every product developer in this category eventually confronts — often painfully — is the fundamental incompatibility between vitamins and flavors in aqueous beverage matrices. Vitamins, particularly the water-soluble B-complex and vitamin C, are not passive nutritional passengers in a fortified water formulation. They are chemically reactive compounds that interact with pH, dissolved oxygen, light, heat, metal ions, and flavor molecules in ways that produce off-notes, flavor loss, color change, and precipitate formation over the product’s commercial shelf life.

This technical guide, authored by the R&D team at CUIGUAI Flavoring (Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd.), provides a systematic, science-based analysis of the flavor stability mechanisms in vitamin-fortified water — covering the chemistry of each major vitamin class, the specific degradation pathways that affect flavor, and the formulation strategies that experienced flavor manufacturers use to deliver products that remain sensorially consistent from production to consumer consumption

1. The Vitamin-Flavor Conflict: A Fundamental Chemical Incompatibility

To understand why vitamin-fortified water poses such acute flavor stability challenges, it is essential to recognize that vitamins are biologically active molecules — not inert additives. Their biological activity derives from their chemical reactivity, and that same reactivity makes them potent agents of flavor degradation

1.1 The pH Challenge: Vitamins and Acids in Conflict

Most vitamin-fortified water products are formulated at pH 3.0–4.5 — an acidic range chosen for three reasons: (1) microbiological stability (low pH inhibits most pathogenic and spoilage organisms), (2) vitamin C preservation (ascorbic acid is more stable at lower pH, where the ionized form that oxidizes rapidly is suppressed), and (3) consumer taste preference (light sourness from acids like citric and malic contributes refreshing character).

However, this acidic pH environment simultaneously creates problems for flavor stability:

• Ester hydrolysis: at pH 3.0–4.5, ester-type flavor compounds (which provide fruity, floral, and sweet notes in citrus, berry, and tropical profiles) undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at rates that increase as pH falls. A fruity ester that might be stable for 18 months at pH 5.5 may degrade significantly within 3–6 months at pH 3.2.
• Terpene oxidation: monoterpenes (limonene, citral) are susceptible to acid-catalyzed oxidation and isomerization, converting the fresh citrus notes of limonene into off-note compounds including alpha-terpineol (soapy/medicinal) and p-cymene (chemical/solvent).
• Aldehyde reactivity: carbonyl compounds in flavor (including citral, benzaldehyde, and vanillin) react with amino acids and other nucleophilic compounds in the matrix (including certain vitamin molecules), producing Maillard-type browning and off-flavor compounds.

1.2 The Oxidation Challenge: Dissolved Oxygen as the Universal Enemy

Dissolved oxygen (DO) in the beverage matrix is perhaps the single most destructive force in vitamin-fortified water stability — affecting both nutritional and flavor components simultaneously. According to research published in PMC (PMC8773188) on the chemical stability of ascorbic acid in commercial products, even trace amounts of dissolved oxygen trigger a cascade of degradation reactions:

The Vitamin C oxidation cascade: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) → dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) → 2,3-diketogulonic acid → furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). This cascade, driven by dissolved oxygen and catalyzed by trace metals (particularly Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺), produces furfural — an off-note compound with a characteristic “caramel/burnt/musty” aroma at concentrations as low as 20 ppb in water. In a product designed to taste like fresh citrus or berry, even trace furfural contamination is sensorially destructive.

Beyond vitamin C, dissolved oxygen drives the oxidation of:

• Citrus terpenes: limonene → limonene oxide, carveol, and carvone (harsh/caraway off-notes)
• Linalool and geraniol: →  alpha-terpineol (soapy), geranial (harsh citrus), neral (flat citrus)
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids in any lipid-based emulsion components: rancidity products (aldehydes, ketones with “fatty” or “painty” off-notes)

Total package oxygen (TPO) control — across water DO, headspace oxygen, and oxygen pickup during processing and filling — is therefore not merely good practice in vitamin water production. It is the foundational prerequisite for delivering flavor stability across the product’s claimed shelf life.

1.3 Light Photodegradation: The Transparency Trap

Vitamin-fortified water is overwhelmingly packaged in clear PET bottles — a format demanded by consumers who associate clarity with purity and lightness. But clear packaging is a photodegradation accelerant: both vitamins and flavor compounds are susceptible to UV and visible light-induced degradation that is dramatically accelerated by the transparent package.

Key photodegradation reactions in vitamin water:

• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is among the most photolabile common vitamins — it undergoes rapid photoreduction under UV and visible light (primarily 440–450 nm), producing lumiflavin and lumichrome. These photoproducts catalyze further free-radical oxidative damage to other vitamins AND to flavor molecules simultaneously.
• Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) degrades rapidly on UV exposure, losing both bioactivity and generating off-flavor decomposition products.
• Citral (key citrus flavor compound) undergoes photoisomerization and disproportionation under UV light, forming off-note compounds including p-cymene and alpha-terpineol.
• Anthocyanin-based natural colorants (used in berry-flavored vitamin water) bleach rapidly on UV exposure, causing both color loss and flavor identity loss.

Vitamin Flavor Interaction

2. Vitamin-by-Vitamin Flavor Impact Analysis

Each vitamin class creates a distinct set of flavor stability challenges that require targeted formulation responses. Understanding the specific mechanisms of each is essential for designing an effective vitamin water flavor system.

2.1 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): The Double-Edged Sword

Vitamin C is the most commonly fortified nutrient in vitamin water and the most complex flavor challenge. Its role is paradoxical: at low concentrations and in the presence of controlled DO, ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that protects flavor compounds; at higher concentrations or in the presence of trace metals and excess oxygen, it becomes a pro-oxidant that catalyzes flavor destruction

2.2 B-Vitamin Complex: The Off-Note Generators

The B-vitamin complex — comprising B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folic Acid), and B12 (Cobalamin) — collectively represents some of the most flavor-active compounds in nutrition science. Their sensory impact at typical fortification levels is dramatic and disproportionate relative to their mass:

• Thiamine (B1): At fortification levels (0.5–1.5 mg/250mL), thiamine itself is odorless. However, on thermal decomposition (pasteurization, UHT) or under acidic hydrolysis, thiamine releases “meaty,” “sulfury,” and “egg-like” volatile compounds — including hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde, and various thiazoles. This is particularly problematic for light citrus profiles.
• Riboflavin (B2): As discussed in Section 1.3, riboflavin is intensely photolabile. Its degradation products produce “grassy,” “off-dairy,” and “metallic” off-notes. Riboflavin also imparts a characteristic yellow-green color that conflicts with “crystal clear” product positioning.
• Niacin (B3, Nicotinic Acid): Niacin at typical fortification levels produces a distinctive “musty” or “pharmaceutical” odor note, particularly in the headspace of the beverage container. This headspace off-note is perceived on first opening and significantly impacts consumer first impression.
• B6 (Pyridoxine): Generally low flavor impact at standard fortification levels, but can produce trace amounts of “grassy” and “green” off-notes under prolonged storage at elevated temperatures.
• B12 (Cobalamin): Extremely photolabile as noted; photodegradation products contribute “fishy” off-notes at very low concentrations. Typically added at microgram levels — too small for significant flavor impact unless photodegradation is severe.

The combined sensory impact of a full B-vitamin complex at high fortification levels can produce a “nutritional” or “supplement-like” off-note — a perception that significantly undermines the “refreshing, clean water” positioning that vitamin water brands depend on. Masking these off-notes without exceeding flavor additive limits is one of the central formulation challenges of the category.

2.3 Fat-Soluble Vitamins (D, E, K): The Emulsion Problem

Vitamins D, E, and K are lipophilic — they do not dissolve in water. Incorporating them into vitamin water requires either a micellar solubilization system or an oil-in-water emulsion, both of which introduce additional complexity into the flavor stability equation:

• Emulsion instability: fat-soluble vitamins packaged in oil droplets can cause emulsion breakdown (creaming, coalescence, Ostwald ripening) over shelf life, producing visible turbidity in a product that must be optically clear.
• Lipid oxidation: the oil phase of an emulsion is susceptible to lipid oxidation, producing rancid off-notes (aldehydes, ketones) that conflict severely with fruit-forward flavor profiles.
• Flavor stripping: the oil droplets in a vitamin emulsion preferentially absorb hydrophobic flavor compounds (particularly terpenes, esters, and most fruity top notes), effectively “sequestering” them in the oil phase and preventing their release in the aqueous vapor phase where they are perceived as aroma.
• Vitamin E (Tocopherol): paradoxically, while tocopherols are natural antioxidants that can protect flavor compounds, at high fortification levels (>50 mg/250mL), tocopherol can contribute a mild “nutty” or “vegetable oil” off-note to the finished beverage.

3. Flavor Compound Stability in Vitamin Water Matrices: A Technical Assessment

Beyond understanding what vitamins do to flavor, formulators must understand how different flavor compound classes perform in the specific chemical environment of a vitamin-fortified water — characterized by low pH, elevated ascorbic acid concentration, trace mineral content, and variable oxygen exposure.

3.1 Stability Classification of Key Flavor Compounds

3.2 pH-Flavor Stability Mapping

The relationship between pH and flavor stability is non-linear and compound-specific. The following pH-stability mapping guides formulation decisions:

• pH 2.8–3.2: excellent vitamin C stability; maximum microbiological safety; very high acid stress on esters and citral; risk of consumer perception as “too sour.” ► Best for: electrolyte-rich sport beverages with bold citrus flavor where terpene exposure is low.
• pH 3.3–3.8: optimal balance point for most vitamin water formulations; good ascorbic acid stability; moderate ester hydrolysis rate (manageable with encapsulation); acceptable consumer taste. ► Best for: mainstream citrus, berry, and tropical vitamin water with 12-month shelf life target.
• pH 3.9–4.5: better ester stability; less acidic perception; higher risk of ascorbic acid degradation and furfural formation; acceptable for rapidly consumed products (convenience/foodservice). ► Best for: botanical or mild-flavor vitamin water with 6–9 month shelf life.
• pH >4.5: not recommended for vitamin C-fortified products; rapid ascorbic acid oxidation; microbiological risk without preservatives; limited commercial vitamin water applications.

Flavor Stability Chart

4. Formulation Strategies for Flavor Stability in Vitamin Water

Addressing flavor stability in vitamin-fortified water requires a multi-strategy approach. No single intervention is sufficient — commercial success requires the simultaneous deployment of five complementary strategies that together constitute a comprehensive stability management system.

4.1 Strategy 1: Microencapsulation of Flavor Compounds

Microencapsulation is the single most powerful technology for protecting flavor compounds in vitamin water matrices. By enclosing flavor oil in a protective shell of food-grade wall material, the flavor molecules are physically isolated from:

• The aqueous acid environment (preventing ester hydrolysis)
• Dissolved oxygen (preventing oxidation of terpenes and aldehydes)
• Metal ion catalysts (preventing Fenton-type oxidative reactions)
• UV light photons (attenuating photodegradation)
• B-vitamin reactive species (preventing direct chemical interaction)

Wall material selection is critical for vitamin water applications. The key performance parameters are:

For vitamin-fortified water with a 12–18 month commercial shelf life target, we recommend a dual-encapsulation approach: a primary cyclodextrin complex for the most labile citrus compounds (citral, limonene), combined with a secondary OSA-starch spray-dried system for the broader flavor base. This approach achieves >85% flavor compound retention at 18 months under ambient storage conditions — a significant improvement over unencapsulated systems, which typically show 40–60% retention at the same timepoint.

Our comprehensive resource on Microencapsulation of Flavors: Boosting Stability & Shelf Life provides detailed technical guidance on wall material selection, core-to-wall ratios, and release mechanism engineering for beverage applications.

4.2 Strategy 2: Metal Chelation and Antioxidant Management

Trace metal ions — particularly Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺ — are powerful catalysts for both vitamin oxidation and flavor degradation in vitamin water. Even at concentrations of 0.1–0.5 ppm (well within typical drinking water standards), these metals accelerate ascorbic acid oxidation and the subsequent furfural cascade by factors of 5–50×. Comprehensive metal management includes:

• Water quality: deionized water with Cu <0.05 ppm, Fe <0.1 ppm, Mn <0.05 ppm is the minimum specification for premium vitamin water production
• EDTA chelation: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) at 25–75 ppm sequesters trace metals and dramatically reduces catalytic oxidation. Permitted in most global markets at specified maximum levels.
• Sodium hexametaphosphate: an alternative chelating agent approved in more markets than EDTA; effective at 50–150 ppm for metal ion sequestration in beverage applications
• Ascorbic acid dosage optimization: paradoxically, reducing ascorbic acid fortification from a high level (e.g., 200% DV) to a moderate level (e.g., 100% DV) while ensuring zero excess DO significantly reduces the pro-oxidant risk of vitamin C, improving flavor stability without compromising nutritional positioning

4.3 Strategy 3: Intelligent Flavor Compound Selection

The most fundamental — and most often overlooked — strategy for vitamin water flavor stability is selecting flavor compounds that are inherently stable in the specific vitamin matrix. As shown in the stability classification in Section 3.1, lactones, furanones, and ionones dramatically outperform monoterpene hydrocarbons and unsaturated aldehydes in acidic, oxidizing environments.

Practical compound selection guidelines for vitamin water flavors:

• Citrus profiles: replace d-limonene with beta-ionone (floral citrus) and citronellyl acetate (stable, citrus-floral ester); use encapsulated citral at ≤20% of total citrus compound loadings; foreground with linalool and linalool oxide (more stable than geraniol).
• Berry profiles: build on stable gamma-decalactone (peachy-berry base), ethyl maltol (cotton candy sweetness modifier), and vanillin (depth); use encapsulated raspberry ketone for varietal identity rather than labile anthocyanin-adjacent compounds.
• Tropical profiles: leverage highly stable isoamyl acetate (banana-tropical), ethyl butyrate (pineapple, moderately stable at pH 3.5+), and furaneol (strawberry-caramel, excellent acid stability); avoid raw citrus or guava terpene compounds without encapsulation.
• Masking agents for B-vitamin off-notes: ethyl maltol (0.01–0.05%) is particularly effective at masking “pharmaceutical” notes; lactones at trace concentrations provide “freshness” that counters “nutritional” odor perception.

4.4 Strategy 4: Process and Packaging Optimization

Formulation cannot fully compensate for poor process and packaging choices. The following process optimizations are essential for vitamin water flavor stability:

• Total Package Oxygen (TPO) target: <0.1 ppm (100 ppb) for premium shelf life. Achieve through nitrogen purging of water, nitrogen blanketing during production, reduced headspace volume, and oxygen-barrier PET or glass packaging.
• UV-blocking packaging: adding UV-blocking agents to PET resin (e.g., UV-absorbing additives at 0.1–0.5% of resin mass) extends flavor compound shelf life by 2–5× for photolabile compounds, with minimal impact on consumer-perceived clarity.
• Temperature-controlled supply chain: every 10°C increase in storage temperature approximately doubles the rate of most chemical degradation reactions. Maintaining ≤25°C throughout the supply chain from filling to consumption extends effective flavor life by 30–50%.
• Filling protocol for B12 and riboflavin: where formulation allows, adding photolabile B-vitamins as a separate post-fill micro-dosing step (versus bulk tank mixing) reduces their exposure to processing conditions and mixing-induced oxidation.

4.5 Strategy 5: pH Engineering and Buffer Selection

Maintaining the target pH throughout shelf life — against the buffering action of vitamin degradation products and flavor compound hydrolysis byproducts — requires careful buffer system design:

• Citric acid / sodium citrate buffer system: provides stable pH 3.2–4.0 with good consumer taste; most widely used in RTD vitamin water
• Malic acid: produces a softer, more “fresh fruit” sourness profile than citric at equivalent pH; suitable for berry and tropical vitamin water where the citric “sharpness” conflicts with the profile
• Phosphoric acid (trace): used in electrolyte vitamin water for its clean sourness; limited to <700 mg/L in most regulatory jurisdictions; provides excellent pH stability but may conflict with clean-label positioning
• Sodium citrate addition rate: increasing sodium citrate as part of the buffer system reduces the “sharp” citric acid perception while maintaining target pH, improving consumer palatability without flavor compromise

5. Sensory Evaluation and Shelf-Life Testing Protocols

Rigorous sensory evaluation is the only reliable way to confirm that formulation interventions are delivering their intended stability benefits. For vitamin water flavor systems, we recommend the following protocol framework, derived from practices described in research on fortified beverage stability published by MDPI (Foods, 2022) and supporting industry standards from the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT).

5.1 Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) Design

5.2 Key Analytical Markers for Vitamin Water Flavor Stability

Analytical chemistry provides the objective data that sensory evaluation alone cannot detect at early stages. Critical analytical markers:

• Furfural and HMF: GC-MS quantification at ppb level; >50 ppb furfural indicates significant vitamin C degradation and impending “off-note threshold” in most flavor profiles
• Citral retention: HPLC quantification; <70% citral retention vs. T0 indicates the product is approaching off-note threshold for citrus profiles
• Ascorbic acid content: titrimetric or HPLC; loss exceeding 20% of initial content indicates excessive pro-oxidant conditions
• p-Cymene formation: GC-MS; a product of limonene degradation; its appearance signals terminal quality loss for any limonene-dependent profile
• Oxygen headspace: gas chromatographic analysis of headspace oxygen; >0.5% headspace oxygen indicates package integrity failure

6. Regulatory Compliance for Vitamin Water Flavor Additives

Formulating flavor systems for vitamin-fortified water requires navigation of an additional regulatory layer compared to conventional beverage flavoring — the interaction between flavor additive regulations and functional ingredient (vitamin) regulations.

6.1 Global Regulatory Framework Overview

6.2 FEMA GRAS and the “Masking Agent” Category

A frequently misunderstood regulatory issue in vitamin water formulation is the status of “flavor masking agents” — compounds added specifically to suppress B-vitamin off-notes rather than to add flavor character. Under FDA guidance (21 CFR 101.22), a flavor ingredient may be declared as “natural flavor” or “artificial flavor” on the ingredient label regardless of its functional purpose (masking vs. enhancing) as long as it meets the applicable GRAS threshold. However, if a compound is added at a level above its threshold for flavor impact, it may require declaration as a food additive rather than a flavor.

The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) maintains the GRAS program that underpins most US flavor ingredient safety assessments. CUIGUAI Flavoring ensures all masking and enhancing agents in our vitamin water flavor systems carry valid FEMA GRAS numbers and are used at concentrations consistent with their GRAS specifications.

Our comprehensive case study archive on real-world flavor stability formulation challenges — including case studies in flavor success and off-note mitigation — documents how similar principles have been applied to solve stability challenges across the functional beverage category.

7. The CUIGUAI Approach: Stability-Engineered Flavor Systems for Vitamin Water

At CUIGUAI Flavoring, we have developed a dedicated line of stability-engineered flavor concentrates specifically formulated for vitamin-fortified water applications. These systems are differentiated from standard beverage flavor concentrates by five key technical features:

• Pre-validated vitamin matrix compatibility: every concentrate is tested in a representative vitamin water matrix (ascorbic acid 100mg/250mL, B-complex at 100% DV, pH 3.5, ambient DO 200 ppb) with GC-MS monitoring at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timepoints
• Dual-encapsulation architecture: labile citrus compounds in beta-cyclodextrin complex; full flavor base in OSA-starch spray-dried powder — delivering >85% compound retention at 12 months
• EDTA-compatible formulation: all CUIGUAI vitamin water flavors are tested for flavor-EDTA interaction compatibility, confirming that chelation does not compromise flavor integrity or generate off-notes
• B-vitamin masking system: proprietary ethyl maltol / lactone combination that reduces perceived “pharmaceutical” notes by >70% in trained sensory evaluation panels
• Full regulatory documentation: FEMA GRAS citations, EU 1334/2008 substance listings, GB 2760 compliance confirmation, and China/EU/US-specific regulatory declaration guidance provided with every commercial supply

Our Beverage Flavor product range at CUIGUAI Flavoring includes citrus, berry, tropical, and botanical concentrates validated for vitamin water matrices — available in both liquid and spray-dried powder formats to support diverse production configurations.

8. Conclusion: Solving Vitamin Water’s Flavor Stability Equation

Flavor stability in vitamin-fortified water is not a single problem — it is a system of interconnected chemical challenges that requires a systems-level solution. The pH of the matrix, the oxidation state of vitamin C, the photolability of riboflavin, the reactivity of B-vitamins with flavor carbonyl compounds, the emulsification requirements of fat-soluble vitamins, and the inherent sensitivity of desired flavor compounds all interact simultaneously in a commercial beverage matrix that must look clear, taste consistently fresh, and remain commercially viable across 12–18 months of ambient storage.

The brands that succeed in this category — that genuinely deliver on the promise of a vitamin-rich, great-tasting functional water — are those that treat flavor stability as a first-class engineering problem, not an afterthought to nutritional formulation. They invest in microencapsulation, optimize pH and antioxidant systems, select flavor compounds for matrix compatibility rather than convenience, control oxygen obsessively, and validate their shelf life with rigorous accelerated and real-time testing protocols.

As a specialist flavor manufacturer with deep expertise in functional beverage formulation, CUIGUAI Flavoring brings the analytical infrastructure, formulation science, and stability engineering capability needed to help brand owners build vitamin water products that taste as good on day 365 as they do on day 1. That is the standard the market demands, and it is the standard we engineer toward.

Vitamin Water Flavor Concentrates

── Technical Exchange & Free Sample Request ──

Engineer Flavor Stability in Your Vitamin Water with CUIGUAI

Whether you are developing a new vitamin-fortified water SKU, solving an existing stability challenge, or seeking a reliable OEM flavor concentrate partner with functional beverage expertise — our R&D team is ready to collaborate. We offer stability-validated flavor samples, custom formulation development, GC-MS shelf-life documentation, and first-project technical consultations at no charge.

Phone / WhatsApp: +86 189 2926 7983

Email: info@cuiguai.com

Website: www.cuiguai.cn

WhatsApp Direct: wa.me/8618929267983

Free samples available to qualified B2B buyers globally. All consultations and technical exchanges at no charge. 

References & Authority Citations

[1] PubMed Central (PMC). “Chemical Stability of Ascorbic Acid Integrated into Commercial Products: From the Perspective of Food Safety and Nutritional Value.” PMC ID: PMC8773188. January 2022. Available at: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8773188/

[2] MDPI Foods. “Enhancing Stability of Vitamin-Fortified Protein Beverages.” Foods 2025, 15(8), 1392. Available at: mdpi.com/2304-8158/15/8/1392

[3] Preprints.org. “A Novel Formulation of Multi-Vitamin Fortified Beverage.” December 2025. Available at: preprints.org/manuscript/202512.2743

[4] Credence Research. “Electrolyte and Vitamin Water Market Size, Share and Trends 2024–2032.” 2024. Available at: credenceresearch.com/report/electrolyte-and-vitamin-water-market.

[5] ReAnIn. “Fortified Water Market Growth Drivers & Analysis 2025.” Available at: reanin.com/reports/fortified-water-market.

[6] FEMA — Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. “GRAS Program and Flavor Ingredient Safety.” Available at: femaflavor.org.

[7] Glanbia Nutrition. “Fortified Water: What’s Happening in 2025?” April 14, 2025. Available at: glanbianutrition.com/en/nutri-knowledge-center/insights/fortified-water-whats-happening